In discussing different types of discussion, I will try to show that dichotomies are less useful in resolving problems. I will do it by using a dichotomy between two types of discussions.
The type of discussion we are used to is that of a dichotomy: Finding for a point of disagreement or conflict of interest, taking a side, establishing a position, then fighting. This is the most familiar way of dealing with problems, where there is more than one person involved. Between nations, organizations, couples, dogs and other forms of life. The dogs are not trying to find the best way to share a bone or a yard. They try to establish who is dominant. At the end of the discussion between the dogs, one should be the winner and one should be the loser. The bone is of secondary importance. Neither dog was hungry anyway.
The dichotomous discussion is based on an underlying assumption of a zero-sum-game: If dog X wins, dog Y must lose; if dog X is happy, dog Y must be unhappy; if dog X gets to be in the yard, dog Y doesn't get to be in the yard... And it doesn't matter how big the yard is - it's just a state of mind.
I will get back to the dichotomy, but at this point it would be good to mention the other option: A discussion about a common-goal. When two people see themselves as partners, with shared resources, shared problems and some needs that may be similar or different. Two dogs meeting at the beach can - and often do - enter into this type of interaction, where the "yard" of the beach is a shared resource, and instead of fighting over it, they play together. Probably it's because there is less emotional investment for the dogs in the beach as a territory, since it doesn't belong to neither one of them, and that enables them to just enjoy themselves. They reach a win-win situation.
The type of discussion we are used to is that of a dichotomy: Finding for a point of disagreement or conflict of interest, taking a side, establishing a position, then fighting. This is the most familiar way of dealing with problems, where there is more than one person involved. Between nations, organizations, couples, dogs and other forms of life. The dogs are not trying to find the best way to share a bone or a yard. They try to establish who is dominant. At the end of the discussion between the dogs, one should be the winner and one should be the loser. The bone is of secondary importance. Neither dog was hungry anyway.
The dichotomous discussion is based on an underlying assumption of a zero-sum-game: If dog X wins, dog Y must lose; if dog X is happy, dog Y must be unhappy; if dog X gets to be in the yard, dog Y doesn't get to be in the yard... And it doesn't matter how big the yard is - it's just a state of mind.
I will get back to the dichotomy, but at this point it would be good to mention the other option: A discussion about a common-goal. When two people see themselves as partners, with shared resources, shared problems and some needs that may be similar or different. Two dogs meeting at the beach can - and often do - enter into this type of interaction, where the "yard" of the beach is a shared resource, and instead of fighting over it, they play together. Probably it's because there is less emotional investment for the dogs in the beach as a territory, since it doesn't belong to neither one of them, and that enables them to just enjoy themselves. They reach a win-win situation.
A more human example I am adapting from a lecture I heard about negotiation: Two neighbors had an orange tree, and it wasn't clear to whom the oranges belonged. In the dichotomous, zero-sum world, they had a loud argument, and at best reached a compromise and split the oranges between them. One of them then made cakes from the peels of his half of the oranges, as he always wanted. The other made juice from his half of the oranges, as he always wanted. In the common-goal world, they would have talked about the reason each wanted the oranges, and they could have each had everything they wanted: One would get all the peel, the other would get all the juice. But not drama.
Of the two types of discussion, which one do we see on TV, in newspapers (that paper thing that was common before the Internet) and in the UN? Of course it would be the type that generates more explosive emotions, that commands attention, the more dramatic, the compelling, the type that sells air-time: The dichotomy. the dogfight.
The common-goal interaction is boring to look at. It doesn't even get bad press. It gets no press.
The common-goal interaction is boring to look at. It doesn't even get bad press. It gets no press.
On the general and theoretical aspect of the
dichotomy between dichotomy and common-goal, we see that dichotomy has the
advantages of being dramatic, interesting, compelling, using a simple message
of zero-sum-game, allows each party to concentrate on a simple uni-dimensional
position. But what outcomes can we expect? One party may be vanquished by
the other; the parties may reach a compromise, which means nobody gets what
they needed; often the outcome is just more discussion and no resolution.
The common-goal interaction is certainly less
fascinating for most people; it is more complicated in that many dimensions of
a problem may need to be considered; it is "unsafe" in that opinions may change
as new information is exposed. It is even more unsafe in that I may discover that what I thought was a real need is only a perceived need. On the plus side, I usually discover that a perceived conflict of interests can turn out to be a common interest in disguise. Some say it's not usually, but always.
How does all this relate to Education? Education faces great challenges: There is always a lack of resources. There are always unmet needs. Different people and societies have different goals. And all that in a fast changing, constantly new (and therefore frightening) world. In response to these difficulties, people and organizations interact the way they know how - by finding a nice dichotomy to fight over. One of the most common arguments is about the allocation of money - a zero-sum-of-money game, where if I get an extra dollar, you get one dollar less. A nice and simple subject to fight over, to belittle each other's perceived needs, and at the end - to compromise so that neither one gets enough money to build that extra classroom, so we each have a half-built useless structure.
We spend all our energy, trying to damage each other, with considerable success. Instead, we could have spent the energy together in the same direction. For example, in the case of needing two classrooms for the price of one: We may find a way to shift the times we use the room, so we can time-share and we each get a whole room for all the time we need it.
Nah! Let's fight over it!